skip to main content


Search for: All records

Creators/Authors contains: "Chini, Christopher M."

Note: When clicking on a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) number, you will be taken to an external site maintained by the publisher. Some full text articles may not yet be available without a charge during the embargo (administrative interval).
What is a DOI Number?

Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. Their policies may differ from this site.

  1. Abstract

    Water consumed by power plants is transferred virtually from producers to consumers on the electric grid. This network of virtual transfers varies spatially and temporally on a sub-annual scale. In this study, we focused on cooling water consumed by thermoelectric power plants and water evaporated from hydropower reservoirs. We analyzed blue and grey virtual water flows between balancing authorities in the United States electric grid from 2016 to 2021. Transfers were calculated using thermoelectric water consumption volumes reported in Form EIA-923, power plant data from Form EIA-860, water consumption factors from literature, and electricity transfer data from Form EIA-930. The results indicate that virtual water transfers follow seasonal trends. Virtual blue water transfers are dominated by evaporation from hydropower reservoirs in high evaporation regions and peak around November. Virtual grey watertransfers reach a maximum peak during the summer months and a smaller peak during the winter. Notable virtual blue water transfers occur between Arizona and California as well as surrounding regions in the Southwest. Virtual grey water transfers are greatest in the Eastern United States where older, once-through cooling systems are still in operation. Understanding the spatial and temporal transfer of water resources has important policy, water management, and equity implications for understanding burden shifts between regions.

     
    more » « less
  2. null (Ed.)